Defining Functional Dysphagia
Functional dysphagia is the sensation of solid and/or liquid foods sticking, lodging, or passing abnormally through the esophagus.
We swallow on average once every minute and this is supplemented by the production of saliva. Swallowing increases dramatically (6–8 times per minute) when we eat. When swallowing is disrupted, the consequences can be devastating, with complications such as malnutrition, aspiration, and being unable to eat.
It is diagnosed based on symptoms present for at least three months and not associated with anatomic abnormalities, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), or well recognized motility disorders such as achalasia [difficulty swallowing due to an absence of peristaltic contractions in the esophagus].
Prevalence of functional dysphagia is unknown and generally it has been poorly studied. The disorder is usually accompanied by other symptoms of esophageal dysfunction including chest pain, heartburn, and regurgitation.
Tests
The doctor will usually first test with barium x-rays and endoscopy for the presence of structural injury or disease. When nothing is found, manometry, a test that measures pressure in the esophagus, is next performed looking for evidence of achalasia and other disorders that may affect the movement of foods or liquid through the esophagus.
In cases of functional dysphagia, 24-hour pH monitoring is generally reserved for individuals where the history is particularly suggestive of reflux disease, such as persistent heartburn.
A balloon distention test may be performed to determine if heightened sensitivity, or abnormal sensory perception within the esophagus, may be contributing to symptoms. A feeling described as “food sticking” as well as pain can be produced more easily in some people if heightened sensitivity is present.
Treatment
For mild symptoms, avoidance or reduction of foods that worsen symptoms is recommended. Chewing food thoroughly during meals may also help. If GERD is present, medications to inhibit or prevent acid reflux will be prescribed. Treatment will also be directed at any esophageal motility disorder that may be present.
Treatment varies for more severe or painful symptoms. Depending on the severity of pain, therapies aimed at improving the motility of the esophagus and reducing symptoms may include medications that:
- relax the sphincter muscles of the esophagus
- improve esophageal contractions and movement of food, or
- decrease heightened sensitivity.
Symptoms of dysphagia usually improve over time. Surgery is rarely undertaken for patients with functional dysphagia.
Provider-Patient Partnership
Functional dysphagia is a very real disorder where the primary abnormality is an altered physiological function. There are many factors that can affect the functioning of the esophagus.
A person with symptoms of functional dysphagia, working with their physician, can help develop an individualized treatment plan. It is often helpful to keep a diary for several weeks to record symptoms, when they occur, diet, as well as circumstances that may be affecting daily life. This can assist both the individual and the physician to recognize factors that may contribute to symptoms.
Taking an active role in treatment can often help a person to achieve the best possible outcome.
Want to learn more about Adult Neurogenic Dysphagia?
Dr. Hamdy was the recipient of the IFFGD 2005 Junior Investigator, Clinical Science Research Award. His research has focused on understanding the central neural control of GI motor function, with a specific interest in swallowing and its disorders after brain injury.
Learn more about Dr. Hamdy and Neurogenic Dysphagia
CoRDS Dysphagia Questionnaire
IFFGD has created a Dysphagia questionnaire with CoRDS. To access this questionnaire, please click here
About Coordination of Rare Diseases at Stanford (CoRDS)
Based at Sanford Research, a nonprofit research institution, CoRDS is a centralized international patient registry for all rare diseases. They coordinate the advancement of research into 7,000 rare diseases.
This article is adapted from IFFGD Publication #507– Functional Dyspepsia by Joel Richter and IFFGD Publication #544– Adult Neurogenic Dysphagia